Transportation Planning Definition and Factors Affecting

Transportation Planning can be defined as Activities related to changing the way transportation services are provided. Transportation plays a vital role in our everyday lives and considered to be an important component of mankind’s infrastructure. All of us travel somewhere almost every day, whether it might be

Design of Water Channel (Canals)

The channel is the same thing that is used for the water carriage purpose, however in case of hydropower projects the channel that takes water from the intake (Diversion Structure) is usually called connecting channel. It's tunnel is to be used in between the intake and power house otherwise called headrace channel, if no tunnel is to be used in between the intake and

Types of Road Patterns & Its Importance

Roadway patterns are very essential in the development of the settlements of a city. However, recent development in cities does not give importance to the study of the road patterns that give rise to numerous roads that are not interconnected, housing schemes and commercial developments built far away where roads are very distant from the center of the town. The

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Presentation Video on Wood Preservation

Life cycle of a Wood Preservatives... Wood Preservatives, Its types, applications of wood preservatives... wood, timber, wood decay preservation, seasoning of wood... Life cycle of a Wood Preservatives...Wood Preservatives, Its types, applications of wood preservatives...wood, timber, wood decay preservation, seasoning of wood...Wood Preservatives, Its types,

Ground Control

In order to produce an accurate map from aerial photograph it is absolutely necessary to established ground control. It consists in locating the positions of a no of pts. All over the area to be surveyed det their levels. These control pts short be such that can be easily identified on the photographs.

Types of Highways Maintenance | Routine, Emergency, Reactive

Preserving and keeping each type of roadway, roadside, structures as nearly as possible in its original condition as constructed or as subsequently improved and the operation of highway facilities and services to provide satisfactory and safe transportation, is called maintenance of Highways. Generally following factors affect the maintenance of pavements.

Design of High Strength Concrete Mix

The type of concrete generally with compressive strength of 6000psi (40MPa) or greater is called as HSC. Now what is mix design? Although the American Concrete Institute (ACI) doesn't use the term, preferring mix proportioning. But keeping in view the modern knowledge of concrete (especially in case of high strength concrete), we should improve the term

Chemical Characteristics of Sewage - BOD, COD, Nutrients, DO

In sanitary sewage about 75 % of suspended solids and 40% of filterable solids are organic. These solids are derived from both animals, plant and humans. Organic compounds usually consist of C; H; O; N along with S; P and Iron. The organic substances found in sewage are Protein (40-60%); Carbohydrates (25-50%), fats and oils (10%). Along with these organic

Types of Grit Chambers in Waste Water Treatment

Check the SLR (1200-1700 m3/m2-day) and Vs (≥ 0.01 m/sec). Grit produced is about 1.5 ft3/ML of wastewater flow. Add to depth {1ft FB + grit}... Assume a depth (D = 08-15 ft), determine the surface area of the basin. And check the SLR (1200-1700 m3/m2-day)... The amount of grit produced is about 1.5 ft3/ML of wastewater flow. Add suitable depth from

Definitions in Waste Water Treatment

It is the measure of the settleability and compatibility of sludge and is made from a laboratory column setting test. The sludge volume index is defined as ‘the volume in mm occupied by 1 gm of sludge after it has settled for a specified period of time’ generally ranging from 20 min to 1 or 2 hr in a 1 – or 2-l cylinder.

Design and Selection of GeoTextiles

After a detailed study of research carried out here and in Europe on both conventional and geotextile filters, developed a widely used design procedure for geotextile filters for drainage and permanent erosion-control applications. The level of design required depends on the critical nature of the project and the severity of the hydraulic and soil conditions. Especially

Applications of Triangulation

The establishment of accurately located control points for surveys of large. The accurate location of indirection work such as: Centre lines, terminal pts shafts for long tunnels

Compound Curves in Engineering Survey

Combination of two or more simple circular curves of different radius having their curvature in the same direction. Essentially, a compound curve consists of two curves that are joined at a point of tangency and are located on the same side of a common tangent. Though their radii are in the same direction, they are of different values. tr= perception/reaction time

Dampness in Buildings and DPC (Damp Proof Course)

Rising damp is caused by capillary action drawing moisture up through the porous elements of a building's fabric. Rising damp, and some penetrating damp, can be caused by faults to, or the absence of a damp-proof course (DPC) or damp-proof membrane (DPM). It is continuous layer of impervious material applied to prevent moisture transmission. A common example is