Design of Earthen Channels - Lacey's Regime Theory

The success and efficiency of the irrigation system depends how efficiently and carefully canal network has been designed, these canals may be constructed through different types of soil such as: Alluvial soil, Non-alluvial soil etc. Thus the design criteria for earthen channels depends on the type of soil in which canal is going to be constructed such as:

Concentric Zone Model Theory and Its Limitations

This zone is identified by both area wise and population wise. Area wise it is in Limbo (means it is in uncertain condition or transition phase or keeps on changing). Immediately adjacent to the CBD, it is an area that may be slated for expansion if the business is good. In this zone land and properties are held for speculation purposes. Characterized by mixed

Chrystaller Central Place Theory - Definition and Principles

Chrystaller Central Place Theory: Theory was first proposed in the 1930s by German geographer Walter Chrystaller, based on his studies of southern Germany. August Losch in Germany and Brian Berry and others in the U.S further developed concepts during the 1950s. The theory applies most clearly in regions such as the Great Plains, which are neither heavily

Rankine's Assumptions for Earth Pressure Theory for Active/Passive Pressure

As originally proposed, Rankine's theory is applied to uniform cohesion-less soil only. Later it was extended to include cohesive soil by Bell in 1915. The following cases of active earth pressure on cohesionless backfill will now be considered: Dry or moist backfill Submerged backfill Partly submerged backfill Backfill with uniform surcharge Backfill with sloping surcharge

Basics and Principles of Plastic Analysis

Plastic analysis is defined as the analysis in which the criterion for the design of structures is the ultimate load. We can define it as the analysis inelastic material is studied beyond the elastic limit (which can be observed in stress strain diagram). Plastic analysis derives from a simple mode failure in which plastic hinges form. Actually the ultimate load is found from the

Major Theories in Professional ETHICS

Every human relationship is governed by two considerations; what in fact exists, and what in fact ought to be. Every social group prescribes explicitly or implicitly, for its members, certain rules that ought to be observed by them. For instance, family prescribes that the child ought to obey his/her parents. Husbands and wives ought to be faithful to to one another, School

Concept of Demand & Capacity in Structures

Demand refers to all external actions (self weight) gravity, wind, earthquake, snow all are external actions. If differential settlement occurs stresses are induced in structure. Internal stresses are also called load effects. Steel Reinforcement area should be opposite to the direction of demand e.g. in slabs the demand direction is in the direction of compression and tension i.e.

Laboratory Investigation of Hooke’s Law

Prepare the test specimen that is steel bar and find its diameter at tree different places and find its man value. Mark two points 8" a part of 2 ft long steel bar. Insert the bar in jaws for gripping the steel bar and select suitable bar on UTM. Place the steel bar and fix it.

Reinforced Cement Concrete Design - Concepts and Theories

Since concrete is a brittle material and is strong in compression. It is weak in tension, so steel is used inside concrete for strengthening and reinforcing the tensile strength of concrete. The steel must have appropriate deformations to provide strong bonds and interlocking of both materials.

Bligh's Creep Theory for Hydraulic Structures

Bligh's Creep Theory: Design of impervious floor for sub surface flow: It is directly depended on the possibilities of percolation in porous soil on which the floor (apron) is built. Water from upstream percolates and creeps (or travel) slowly through weir base and the subsoil below it. The head lost by the creeping water is proportional to the distance it travels (creep length) along the base of the

Khosla's Theory of Hydraulic Structures

After studying a lot of dam failure constructed based on Bligh’s theory, Khosla came out with the following: Following are some of the main points from Khosla's Theory. From observation of Siphons designed on Bligh's theory, by actual measurement of pressure, with the help of pipes inserted in the floor of two of the siphons? Does not show any relationship with

Evapotranspiration Measurement by Blaney Criddle & Hargreaves

The estimation of potential evapotranspiration is achieved by adopting empirical approaches, such as the Thornthwaite equation, the Blaney-Criddle formula and the Hargreaves method, all having as a requirement the availability of temperature data. The data set is made up of temperature time series, obtained

Earth Pressure Coefficients - Types, Concept & Theory

In 1929 Terzaghi (The Father of Soil Mechanics) conducted experiments on the retaining wall and showed the relation of pressure on the wall if wall changes its position i.e to move inwards to the backfill, outwards of it or remain at its place. There are three types of earth pressures on the basis of the movement of the wall. Earth Pressure at rest, Active Earth Pressure,

Laws of Soil Mechanics

One of the most important uses for geotextiles is as a filter in drainage and erosion control applications. Drainage examples include trench and French drains, interceptor drains, blanket drains, pavement edge drains, and structural drains, to name just a few.

Construction Project Quality Management

Total quality is an approach to doing business that attempts to maximize the competitiveness of an organization through the continual improvement of the quality of its products, services, people, processes and environments. Characteristics of the Total Quality: Strategically based Customer focus (internal and external) Obsession with quality Scientific approach to decision making and problem solving