What is Consumptive Use of Water and Factors Affecting it

It is the quantity of water used by the vegetation growth of a given area. It is the amount of water required by a crop for its vegetated growth to evapotranspiration and building of plant tissues plus evaporation from soils and intercepted precipitation. It is expressed in terms of depth of water. Consumptive use varies with temperature, humidity, wind speed,

Site Selection for Barrage

When the angle between the headwork axis and the river axis exceeds 10°, the problem arises of concentration of flow on one side and island formation due to heavy silting within the guide bank on the other side. If the river axis is to the right of headwork axis, the concentration of flow is generally generally on the left side with consequent tendency to form an island

Crop Water Requirement in Irrigation and Evaluation of Water Losses

It is defined as, "The quantity of water required by a crop in a given period of time for normal growth under field conditions." It includes evaporation and other unavoidable wastes. Usually water requirement for crop is expressed in water depth per unit area. The first thing you need to

Choice and Selection of Irrigation Methods

The type of irrigation system selected is an important economic decision. Some types of pressurized systems have high capital and operating costs but may utilize minimal labour and conserve water. Their use tends toward high value cropping patterns. Other systems are relatively less expensive to construct and operate but have high labour requirements. Some

Surface Irrigation Methods - Advantages and Disadvantages

Surface irrigation is the introduction and distribution of water in a field by the gravity flow of water over the soil surface. The soil acts as the growing medium in which water is stored and the conveyance medium over which water flows as it spreads and infiltrates. Common surface irrigation systems used are rill irrigation, furrow or border irrigation. The term 'surface

Construction of Water Wells

A water well is a lot more than a drilled hole, but for many people, the above ground part of the drilling process is the only part they see. A water well is a specially engineered hole in the ground; For ground water monitoring, or for scientific research purposes, wells may be drilled in a way that allows the specialists to closely examine the rock formations and take

Design Of Non Erodible Channels

The Initial dimensions of a channel are determined by uniform flow or manning formula. But final dimensions are determined on the basis of 1. Hydraulic efficiency 2. Empirical rule of the best section. 3. Practicability And Economy

Causes, Importance And Prediction of Flood

Flood is a natural even which has always been an integral part of geological history of earth. It occurs along rivers, streams and lacks. Most of the hydraulic are designed on flood record. Small hydraulic structures are based on a minimum of 25 years flood records e.g all structure constructed in the canal, soil conservation practices etc. Large irrigation projects are based on 100

Sectoral Consumption of Water

Domestic uses of water include the consumption of water for drinking, washing, cooking, toilets, livestock etc. the domestic average use per capita per day is 50 – 90 gallons (70 – 380 liters per capita per day).

Factors Affecting Selection of Water Source

The quantity of water available at the source must be sufficient to meet various demands and requirements of the design population during the entire design period. Plans should be made to bring water from other sources if the available water is insufficient. The water available at the source must not be toxic, poisonous or in anyway injurious to health. The impurities

Factors Affecting Construction of Tunnels

Tunnels are constructed To avoid the expensive acquisition of valuable built up land, tearing up pavements and holding up traffic for long periods in large cities. When the depth of ordinary cutting exceeds 20m and the ground rises rapidly for a considerable distance after wards. To avoid the excessive cost of maintenance of an open cut subjected to land slides or snow

Geometric Design of Highways and Roads

The geometric design of highway includes the principle elements of highway alignment, x-sections and adjacent road side environment. The three dimensional physical location determined through calculation of horizontal and vertical alignment of highway centerline, based on variety of operational considerations results in the geometric design and represent all

Factors Affecting Selection of Highway Location

Traffic planner from various studies can predict the effect of travel patterns of alternative location proposed highway. Also they analyze the probable effect of new links in highway network. This permits the location engineer to determine how well alternative locations will fit with the existing network. Lanuse is a major factor affecting the pattern of traffic

Types of Roads - Design & Functional Classification of Roads

A road network is composed of various types of roads, each of which performs a particular service in facilitating vehicular travel between points of trip origin and destination, and in providing access to property. Road classification is the orderly grouping of roads into systems according to the type and degree of service they provide to the public. Consideration for

Properties of Fresh Concrete and Factors Affecting Properties

Fresh concrete is that stage of concrete in which concrete can be moulded and it is in plastic state. This is also called "Green Concrete". Another term used to describe the state of fresh concrete is consistence, which is the ease with which concrete will flow. The transition process of changing of concrete from plastic state to hardened state. Setting of concrete is